生質酒精
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Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology: BIOFUELS
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Galbe, M. and G.Zacchi. 2007. Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials for Efficient Bioethanol Production. In “Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology: Biofuels“, ed. L. Olsson, 41-65. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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Chandra, R. P., R. Bura, W. E. Mabee, A. Berlin, X. Pan, and J. N. Saddler. 2007. Substrate Pretreatment: The Key to Effective Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosics? In “Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology: Biofuels“, ed. L. Olsson, 67-93. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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Merino, S. T. and J. Cherry. 2007.Progress and Challenges in Enzyme Development for Biomass Utilization. In “Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology: Biofuels“, ed. L. Olsson, 95-120. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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前言
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纖維乙醇之料源
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纖維乙醇之製程
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稀酸水解製程
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濃酸水解製程
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酵素水解製程
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前處理（Pretreatment）
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前處理方法（Pretreatment methods）
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酵素（Enzymes）
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表面活性劑（Surfactants）
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排毒方法（Detoxification methods）
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分開酵素水解與醱酵製程（Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation）
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同步醣化與醱酵製程（Simultaneous sccharification and fermentation）
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SHF製程與SSF製程之比較
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產物分離與純化
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分析項目與方法
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名詞定義
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原料、前處理物與殘餘物之測定項目與方法
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總固體含量（Total solids content in solid material）
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醣含量（Carbohydrates content）
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酸不可溶木質素含量（Acid insoluble lignin Content）
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酸可溶木質素含量（Acid soluble lignin content，ASL）
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灰分含量（Ash content）
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萃取物含量（Extractive content）
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醯基含量（O-Acyl group content）
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纖維素、半纖維素、木質素與灰分含量
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漿狀物或液體部分之測定項目與方法
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總固體含量（Total solids content in slurry and liquid process samples）
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總溶解固體含量（Total dissolved solids content in slurry and liquid process samples）
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不可溶固體含量（Insoluble solids content）
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前處理液、水解液與醱酵液之測定項目與方法
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單醣與纖維雙醣含量（Monomeric sugars/Cellobiose content）
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副產品與降解產物含量（Byproducts /Degradation products content）
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乙醇濃度（Ethanol concentration）
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還原醣濃度（Reducing sugars concentration）
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文獻探討
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Yang, B., A. Boussaid, S. D. Mansfield, D. J. Gregg, J. N. Saddler. 2002. Fast and efficient peroxide treatment to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of steam-exploded softwood substrate. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 77(6): 678-684.
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Cara, C., E. Ruiz, I. Ballesteros, M. J. Negro, E. Castro. 2006. Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of olive tree wood by steam explosion and alkaline peroxide delignification. Process Biochemistry 41: 423–429.
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Cara, C., M. Moya, I. Ballesteros, M. J. Negro, A. Gonz?lez, E. Ruiz. 2007. Influence of solid loading on enzymatic hydrolysis of steam exploded or liquid hot water pretreated olive tree biomass. Process Biochemistry 42: 1003-1009.
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Chen, M., M., J. Zhao, L. Xia. 2008. Enzymatic hydrolysis of maize straw polysaccharides for the production of reducing sugars. Carbohydrate Polymers 71: 411–415.
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Mohammed, M. 1996b. Saccharification and alcohol fermentation of steam-exploded rice straw. Bioresource Technology 55: 111-117.
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Eklund, R, M. Galbe, G. Zacchi. 1995. The influence of SO2 and H2S04 impregnation of willow prior to steam pretreatment. Bioresource Engineering 52: 225-229.
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Ballesteros, I., M. Ballesteros, A. Cabanns, J. Carrasco, C. Martin, M. J. Negro, F. Saez, R. Saez. 1991. Selection of thermotolerant yeasts for simulataneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose to ethanol. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 28/29: 307-315.
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生質柴油
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生質柴油之發展
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生質柴油與石化柴油之比較
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原料與組成
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酯類之產製與命名
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習用之生質柴油製程
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油脂原料之前處理（Pretreatment - Refining）
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醇與催化劑之混合（Mixing of alcohol and catalyst）
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轉酯化反應（Transesterification）
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分離 （Separation）
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醇移除與回收（Alcohol Removal and Recovery）
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甘油純化（Glycerin Purification）
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生質柴油水洗（Methyl Ester Wash）
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酸性與鹼性轉酯反應文獻探討
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超臨界轉酯
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脂解媒催化轉酯
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非勻相催化轉酯
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生質柴油之品質與檢驗
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總脂肪酸甲酯與次麻油酸甲酯含量測定法
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游離甘油與總甘油含量之測定
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酸價之測定
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碘價之測定
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鈉含量測定法－原子吸收光譜法
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鉀含量測定法－原子吸收光譜法
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鈣與鎂測定法－感應耦合電漿原子發射光譜法
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磷測定法－感應耦合電漿原子發射光譜法
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參考文獻
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Bioethanol to Hydrocarbon / Gasoline 論文導讀
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Chang, C. D., A. J. Silvestri, R. L. Smith, 1975. Production of gasoline hydrocarbons. US Patent 3,928,483.
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Chang, C. D. and A. J. Silvestri. 1977. The Conversion of Methanol and Other O-Compounds to Hydrocarbons over Zeolite Catalysts. Journal of Catalysis 47:249-259.
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Chang, C. D., J. C. W. Kuo, W. H. Lang, S. M. Jacob, J. J. Wise, A. J. Silvestri. 1978. Process stuides on the conversion of methanol to gasoline. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development 17(3): 255-260.
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Derouane, E. G., J. B. Nagy, P. Dejaifve, J. H. C. Van Hooff, B. P. Speakman, J. C. Vjzdrine, C. Naccache, 1978. Elucidation of the Mechanism of Conversion of Methanol and Ethanol to Hydrocarbons on a New Type of Synthetic Zeolite. Journal of Catalysis 53: 40-55.
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Whitcraft, D. R., X. E. Verykios, R. Mutharasan, 1983. Recovery of ethanol from fermentation broths by catalytic conversion to gasoline. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development 22: 452-457.
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Costa, E., A. Uguina, J. Aguado, P. J. Hernandez, 1985. Ethanol to gasoline process: Effect of Variables, Mechanism, and Kinetics. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design 24（2）: 239-244.
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Schulz, J., F. Bandermann, 1993. Conversion of Ethanol over Metal-exchanged Zeolites. Chemical Engineering & Technology 16:332-337.
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Schulz, J., F. Bandermann, 1994. Conversion of Ethanol over Zeolite H-ZSM-5. Chemical Engineering & Technology 17:179-186.
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Gayubo, A. G., P. L. Benito, A. T. Aguayo, M. Olazar, J. Bilbao, 1996a. Relationship between surface aciditv and activity of catalysts in the transforhation of methanol into hydrocarbons. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 65:186-192.
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Benito, P. L., A. G. Gayubo, A. T. Aguayo, M. Olazar, J. Bilbao, 1996b. Effect of Si/Al ratio and of acidity of H-ZSM5 zeolites on the primary- products of methanol to gasoline conversion. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 66:183-191.
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Talukdar, A. K., K. G. Bhattacharyya, S. Sivasanker, 1997. HZSM-5 catalysed conversion of aqueous ethanol to hydrocarbons. Applied Catalysis A General 148: 357-371.
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Aguayo, A. T., A. G Gayubo, A. M. Tarrio, A. Atutxa, J. Bilbao, 2002. Study of operating variables in the transformation of aqueous ethanol into hydrocarbons on an HZSM-5 zeolite. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 77: 211-216.
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Takahara, I., M. Saito, M. Inaba, K. Murata, 2005. Dehydration of ethanol into ethylene over solid acid catalysts. Catalysis Letters 105(3-4):249-252.
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Takahara, I., M. Saito, M. Inaba, K. Murata. 2005. Dehydration of ethanol into ethylene over solid acid catalysts. Catalysis Letters 105(3–4): 249-252.
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Inaba, M., K. Murata , M. Saito, I. Takahar, 2006. Ethanol conversion to aromatic hydrocarbons over several zeolite catalysts. Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 88(1): 135-142.
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Takahara, I., M. Saito, H. Matsuhashi, M. Inaba, K. Murata, 2007. Increase in the number of acid sites of a H-ZSM5 zeolite during the dehydration of ethanol. Catalysis Letters 113(3-4):82-85.
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Murata, K., M. Inaba, I. Takaha, 2008. Effects of surface modification of H-ZSM-5 catalysts on direct transformation of ethanol into lower olefins. Journal of Japan Petroleum Institute 51(4): 234-239.
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Ausavasukhi, A. and T. Sooknoi. 2009. Additional Bronsted acid sites in [Ga]HZSM-5 formed by the presence of water. Applied Catalysis A: General 361: 93–98.
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Ferreira Madeira, F., N. S. Gnep, P. Magnoux, S. Maury, N. Cadran, 2009. Ethanol transformation over HFAU, HBEA and HMFI zeolites presenting similar Br?nsted acidity. Applied Catalysis A: General 367:39–46.
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Gujar, A. C., V. K. Guda, M. Nolan, Q. Yan, H. Toghiania. M. G. White. 2009. Reactions of methanol and higher alcohols over H-ZSM-5. Applied Catalysis A: General 363:115-121.
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Inaba, M., K.Murata, I. Takahara, 2009. Effect of Fe-loading and reaction temperature on the production of olefins from ethanol by Fe/H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts. Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 97: 19-26.
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Johansson, R., S. L. Hruby, J. R. Hansen, C, H. Christensen. 2009. The Hydrocarbon Pool in Ethanol-to-Gasoline over HZSM-5 Catalysts. Catalysis Letters 127: 1-6.
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Makarfi, Y. I., M. S. Yakimova, A. S. Lermontov, V. I. Erofeev, L. M. Koval, V. F. Tretiyakov, 2009. Conversion of bioethanol over zeolites. Chemical Engineering Journal. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.06.001
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Mentzel, U. V., S. Shunmugavel, S. L. Hruby, C. H. Christensen, M. S. Holm. 2009. High Yield of Liquid Range Olefins Obtained by Converting i-Propanol over Zeolite H-ZSM-5. Journal of the American Chemical Society 131(46):17009-13.
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Ramesh, K., L. M. Hui, Y. F. Han, A. Borgna, 2009. Structure and reactivity of phosphorous modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts for ethanol dehydration. Catalysis Communications 10:567–571.
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Bi, J., X. Guo, M. Liu, X. Wang. 2010. High effective dehydration of bio-ethanol into ethylene over nanoscale HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts. Catalysis Today 149: 143–147.
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